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Chapter 3: Biological Molecules Flashcards

A complex, extensively branched polysaccharide made up of many glucose monomers; serves as a temporary energy-storage molecule in liver and muscle cells. hydrolysis A chemical process in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion.

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5.9: Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides. Monosaccharides (mono– = "one"; sacchar– = "sweet") are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose monosaccharides, the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven. Most monosaccharide names end with the suffix –ose.If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as

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7.6: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and

Glycogen, a polymer of glucose, is an energy storage molecule in animals. When there is adequate ATP present, excess glucose is shunted into glycogen for storage. Glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle. The glycogen will be hydrolyzed into glucose monomers (G-1-P) if blood sugar levels drop. The presence of glycogen as a source of

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Starch vs. Glycogen | Differences, Functions & Uses

Discover how starch and glycogen differ in their structure, function and use for living organisms. Learn the role of enzymes in breaking down and synthesizing these polysaccharides.

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Types of Carbohydrates – Nutrition: Science and Everyday

These are full of fiber. Figure 4.7. Examples of food plants high in fiber, including wheat, broccoli, and apples. In our food, we find fiber in whole plant foods like whole grains, seeds, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. One of the most common types of fiber is cellulose, the main component in plant cell walls. The chemical structure of

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Chapter 4. Carbohydrates – Introduction to Molecular and Cell

For example, disaccharides, starch, and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules, since they are composed of monosaccharides. Plants, algae, and some bacteria make monosaccharides using energy from the sun, in a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis essentially converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the bonds of glucose.

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Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise

Hargreaves and Spriet review regulatory mechanisms of ATP resynthesis during exercise and summarize nutritional interventions that target muscle metabolism to enhance athletic performance.

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3.2.1.1: Carbohydrate Molecules

3.2: Carbohydrates - Energy Storage and Structural Molecules where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. usually ranges from three to seven. If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as an

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Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide Definition. A monosaccharide is the most basic form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides can by combined through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates, known as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.An oligosaccharide with only two monosaccharides is known as a disaccharide.When more than 20 monosaccharides are

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24.3 Lipid Metabolism – Anatomy & Physiology

Figure 24.3.1 – Triglyceride Broken Down into a Monoglyceride: A triglyceride molecule (a) breaks down into a monoglyceride and two free fatty acids (b). Lipid metabolism begins in the intestine where ingested triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride molecule (see Figure 24.3.1 b ) by pancreatic lipases

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Introduction to Biological Macromolecules | SpringerLink

2.2.12 Dietary Fiber. The main functions of lipids are energy storage, mobilization, and utilization. In humans, DNA functions as the long‐term storage molecule for genetic information. The nucleus of every cell contains 23 chromosome pairs comprised of approximately three billion nucleotides. In contrast, RNA is a more transient

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Carbohydrates | Microbiology

The most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates om a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical formula (CH 2 O) n, where n is the number of repeated units. This view represents these molecules simply as "hydrated" carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each

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Renewable‐Biomolecule‐Based Electrochemical Energy‐Storage

3 Biomolecules for Electrochemical Energy Storage 3.1 Quinone Biomolecules. A large class of redox biomolecules belongs to quinone compounds, and participate in a wide variety of reactions for biological metabolism with two electrons and protons conversion and storage. 15 In recent years, some renewable biomacromolecular and natural small molecule products with quinone

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The Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body – Human Nutrition 2e

A molecule of glycogen may contain in excess of fifty thousand single glucose units and is highly branched, allowing for the rapid dissemination of glucose when it is needed to make cellular energy. The amount of glycogen in the body at any one time is equivalent to about 4,000 kilocalories—3,000 in muscle tissue and 1,000 in the liver.

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5.7: Polysaccharides

Starch is a storage form of energy in plants. It contains two polymers composed of glucose units: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). Glycogen is a storage form of energy in animals. When coiled in this fashion, amylose has just enough room in its core to accommodate an iodine molecule. The characteristic blue-violet color that

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Why is fat a more important storage form than glycogen?

Quantitatively, fat is a far more important storage form than glycogen, in part because the oxidation of a gram of fat releases about twice as much energy as the oxidation of a gram of glycogen.

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Functional organic materials for energy storage and

Energy storage and conversion are vital for addressing global energy challenges, particularly the demand for clean and sustainable energy. Functional organic materials are gaining interest as efficient candidates for these systems due to their abundant resources, tunability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review is conducted to address the limitations and challenges

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Energy storage in structural composites by introducing CNT fiber

This work presents a method to produce structural composites capable of energy storage. They are produced by integrating thin sandwich structures of CNT fiber veils and an ionic liquid-based

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4.4: The Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body

Energy Storage. If the body already has enough energy to support its functions, the excess glucose is stored as glycogen (the majority of which is stored in the muscle and liver). A molecule of glycogen may contain in excess of fifty thousand single glucose units and is highly branched, allowing for the rapid dissemination of glucose when it is

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What is the storage of sugars and fats in animal and plant cells?

The storage of sugars and fats in animal and plant cells. (A) The structures of starch and glycogen, the storage form of sugars in plants and animals, respectively. Both are storage polymers of the sugar glucose and differ only in the frequency of branch (more...)

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24.1: Names and Structures of Carbohydrates

Glycogen and starch are branched polymers; glycogen is the primary energy-storage molecule in animals and bacteria, whereas plants primarily store energy in starch. The orientation of the glycosidic linkages in these three polymers is different as well and, as a consequence, linear and branched macromolecules have different properties.

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8.1: Carbohydrates overview

Molecular structures. In their simplest form, carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH 2 O) n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. For simple carbohydrates, the ratio of carbon-to

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Glycogen

Muscle Storage Glycogen: The spherical glycogen molecules are located in three distinct subcellular compartments within skeletal muscle: intermyofibrillar glycogen, which accounts for approximately three-quarters of total glycogen and is situated near mitochondria between the myofibrils.; subsarcolemmal glycogen, which accounts for ∼5–15% of all glycogen, and

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration, and fermentation. All living things use ATP.

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Are glycogen and starch branched polymers?

Glycogen and starch are branched polymers; glycogen is the primary energy-storage molecule in animals and bacteria, whereas plants primarily store energy in starch. The orientation of the glycosidic linkages in these three polymers is different as well and, as a consequence, linear and branched macromolecules have different properties.

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14.2.1: Carbohydrate Molecules

Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH 2 O) n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules.

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8.1: Carbohydrates overview

Molecular structures. In their simplest form, carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH 2 O) n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. For simple carbohydrates, the ratio of carbon-to-hydrogen-to-oxygen in the molecule is 1:2:1. This formula also explains the origin of the term "carbohydrate": the components are carbon ("

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14.2.1: Carbohydrate Molecules

14.2: Carbohydrates - Energy Storage and Structure Molecules where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. usually ranges from three to seven. If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as an

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Which biopolymer is a branched molecule?

Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch and is a highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells. Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose in a process known as glycogenolysis. Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer.

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About Energy storage molecule with fiber cho

About Energy storage molecule with fiber cho

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